2/12/2024 0 Comments Gps signal inside office building![]() ![]() 1.Ĭomputer vision-based systems employ omnidirectional cameras, 3D cameras or inbuilt smartphone cameras to extract information about indoor environments. General block diagram of a human indoor navigation system is illustrated in Fig. The indoor areas contains different types of obstacles, which increases the difficulty of implementing navigation systems. Unlike outdoor areas, navigation through indoor areas are more difficult. Visually impaired people also benefit from indoor navigation systems. The certain applications are wayfinding for humans in railway stations, bus stations, shopping malls, museums, airports, and libraries. Indoor navigation systems have broad number of applications. However, the cost of implementation can be a barrier to applying this system in real-world scenarios. This limitation hinders the implementation of GPS in indoor navigation systems, although it can be solved by using “high-sensitivity GPS receivers or GPS pseudolites”. In indoor environments, the GPS cannot provide fair accuracy in tracking due to nonline of sight issues. Important applications of outdoor navigation systems include wayfinding for vehicles, pedestrians, and blind people. Most of the outdoor navigation systems adopt GPS and Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) to track the user’s position. In the past, considerable number of navigation systems were developed for accessing outdoor and indoor environments. The term ‘navigation’ collectively represent tasks that include tracking the user’s position, planning feasible routes and guiding the user through the routes to reach the desired destination. The article concludes with a brief insight into future directions in indoor positioning and navigation systems. Various evaluation criteria for indoor navigation systems are proposed in this work. Moreover, this article investigates and contrasts the different navigation systems in each category. Navigation and positioning systems that utilize pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) methods and various communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) visible light, Bluetooth and ultra-wide band (UWB), are detailed as well. In particular, the paper reviews different computer vision-based indoor navigation and positioning systems along with indoor scene recognition methods that can aid the indoor navigation. This article provides a comprehensive summary of evolution in indoor navigation and indoor positioning technologies. Radio frequency (RF) signals, computer vision, and sensor-based solutions are more suitable for tracking the users in indoor environments. In indoor environments, lack of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and line of sight with orbiting satellites makes navigation more challenging compared to outdoor environments. Current technological advancements enable users to encapsulate these systems in handheld devices, which effectively increases the popularity of navigation systems and the number of users. Navigation systems help users access unfamiliar environments. ![]()
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